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Researched Updated Oct 19, 2026 Last changed Oct 31, 2026 About scores

Scores run from 0 to 10, where 10 is best for a remote worker and 5 is an average city.

Cost & Affordability

7 factors · average 7.7
Cost of Living 8.1 Weight 150

Low local prices and a researched nomad monthly budget keep Hanoi among the cheaper large-city bases. 1

Evidence

Numbeo (Oct 2026) lists an inexpensive meal at â‚«52,500 and a 1BR outside centre at â‚«7,246,667/month; the corrected city cost record totals about USD 1,097/month for the nomad profile.

Accommodation Cost 7.8 Weight 80

Furnished monthly accommodation remains affordable internationally, with a premium for Tay Ho short stays. 1 4

Evidence

Numbeo (Oct 2026) lists a 1BR outside centre at â‚«7,246,667/month; the furnished Tay Ho studio listing is â‚«10,000,000/month before the utilities allowance.

Food & Groceries 8.3 Weight 40

Street meals and staple groceries are inexpensive; imported products cost more. 1

Evidence

Numbeo (Oct 2026) lists an inexpensive restaurant meal at â‚«52,500, milk at â‚«39,154/L, and rice at â‚«9,196/lb; the corrected cost basket converts grocery weights to kilograms.

Transportation Cost 8.4 Weight 20

Local buses, metro and ride-hailing are low cost; the nomad budget includes frequent hired rides. 1

Evidence

Numbeo (Oct 2026) lists a local one-way ticket at â‚«10,000, a monthly pass at â‚«240,000 and taxi start at â‚«20,000; Numbeo taxi 1 mile costs â‚«24,140.

Entertainment Cost 7.9 Weight 15

Local museums, cinema, food and leisure options are generally low priced. 1

Evidence

Numbeo (Oct 2026) lists an international cinema ticket at â‚«110,000 and a mid-range meal for two at â‚«600,000; the corrected nomad leisure budget is USD 70.34/month.

Gym Membership Cost 7.2 Weight 10

Numbeo monthly gym pricing is low by international standards, though premium clubs cost more. 1

Evidence

Numbeo (Oct 2026) lists monthly fitness club membership at ₫636,111 (range ₫300,000–₫1,186,804); the corrected nomad leisure budget includes this at USD 24.37/month.

Currency Stability 6.5 Weight 30

The dong is managed, but depreciation against the US dollar creates exchange-rate risk for longer stays. 34

Evidence

IMF Country Report 25/283 reports 5% VND depreciation against USD in 2024; SBV intervened to limit volatility and adjusted the central rate within a +/-5% band in early 2025.

Digital Nomad Essentials

6 factors · average 8.3
Internet Speed 8.7 Weight 100

Ookla measured strong city median fixed and mobile broadband, supporting demanding remote work. 3 21

Measured Median down mbps: 251.94, Median up mbps: 199.35, Median mobile down mbps: 493.37, Latency ms: 4 (ookla-speedtest-global-index-hanoi, 2026-08)
Evidence

Ookla Hanoi median fixed download 251.94 Mbps and mobile download 493.37 Mbps (Aug 2026).

Coworking Spaces Availability 8.1 Weight 40

Multiple Toong locations and other coworking operators provide citywide workspace choice. 9 16

Evidence

Vietnam Guides (updated 7 Jul 2026) names Toong at multiple Hanoi locations and Dreamplex in Tay Ho; Replus lists Charmvit Tower and Vinafor Building sites.

Cafes with WiFi 8.5 Weight 30

A deep cafe culture and many documented laptop-friendly venues make Wi-Fi cafes easy to find. 10 11

Evidence

Vietnam Guides reports specialty-cafe Wi-Fi typically 30–100 Mbps; it names Cafe Dinh, The Note Coffee and Tranquil Books & Coffee.

Digital Nomad Friendly Cafes 8.0 Weight 30

Work-friendly cafes are common, but noise, seating and outlet quality vary by venue. 10 9

Evidence

Vietnam Guides says The Note Coffee has Wi-Fi, multiple power outlets and English-speaking staff; Tranquil Books & Coffee encourages three-hour laptop stays.

Digital Nomad Popularity 7.2 Weight 100

Hanoi has an established international remote-worker and expat scene, below the region’s largest nomad magnets. 10 9 11

Evidence

Vietnam Guides (updated 7 Jul 2026) has a Digital Nomad Guide and identifies Tay Ho as having a large expat community supporting independent cafes.

Local SIM Card Availability 9.0 Weight 25

Tourist SIMs are sold at the airport and city shops, with large operators and inexpensive data plans. 17 21

Evidence

Numbeo’s Hanoi survey lists a mobile plan with calls and 10GB+ data at ₫135,953/month (range ₫90,000–₫250,000; updated 17 Oct 2026).

Quality of Life

6 factors · average 4.4
Work-Life Balance 6.0 Weight 30

Food, cafes and cultural options are strong; congestion, air pollution and noise are persistent trade-offs. 4 29 12

Evidence

Vietnam Tourism describes four seasons, leisurely coffee hours and Hoan Kiem Lake morning activity; Numbeo pollution index is 89.01 (27 Aug 2026).

Environmental Quality 3.8 Weight 15

Green and lake amenities are offset by severe particulate pollution and traffic pressure. 2 29 26

Evidence

IQAir: Hanoi 2024 mean PM2.5 was 45 µg/m³ (8× WHO annual guideline); Numbeo pollution index 89.01 (27 Aug 2026).

Cleanliness 4.7 Weight 10

Public spaces are maintained, but litter, street-side waste and construction dust are visible in dense districts. 29 11

Low confidence
Evidence

IQAir attributes Hanoi’s poor air to heavy traffic emissions, coal-powered cement production and rapid-construction dust (14 Aug 2025).

Language Barrier 4.6 Weight 30

English is useful in visitor and business districts, but Vietnamese is needed for many everyday services. 25 11

Evidence

FCDO warns bag-snatching is common and notes local police/emergency help may be limited by language; Vietnam Tourism publishes visitor guidance in English.

Air Quality 2.0 Weight 15

Annual particulate pollution is very high and materially detracts from outdoor comfort. 2 24

Measured Annual mean pm25 ug m3: 45 (iqair, 2024-12)
Evidence

IQAir reports Hanoi 2024 annual mean PM2.5 45 µg/m³, nine times WHO 5 µg/m³ annual guideline.

Family Friendly 5.5 Weight 25

International schools, clinics and family attractions exist, while pollution, traffic and flood exposure are substantial drawbacks. 28 11 12

Evidence

Numbeo lists monthly private kindergarten at ₫20,041,080 and international primary tuition at ₫718,631,834; IQAir reports PM2.5 45 µg/m³ in 2024.

Healthcare

3 factors · average 7.5
Healthcare Quality 6.8 Weight 20

International hospitals offer modern tertiary care, while public-service access and English coverage vary. 15 28

Evidence

Vinmec Times City is a 24,670 m², seven-floor hospital and the first general hospital in Vietnam to receive JCI certification.

Healthcare Affordability 8.2 Weight 25

Routine local care is inexpensive; international hospitals are costlier but still below many high-income countries. 15 1

Evidence

Numbeo Hanoi price survey (17 Oct 2026, 927 entries) lists a private monthly fitness membership at â‚«636,111; Vinmec links a hospital rate card.

Healthcare 7.4 Weight 20

Hanoi combines affordable routine care with credible international hospitals; complex cases may need referral abroad. 15 28

Evidence

Vinmec Times City lists 128-slice and 256-slice CT, 3.0 Tesla MRI, PET/CT and SPECT/CT equipment; it reports JCI certification.

Climate & Environment

6 factors · average 5.4
Weather 4.8 Weight 80

Cooler dry-season months and hot, humid rainy summers create variety but long humid periods reduce comfort. 4

Measured Monthly mean min c: 16.2, Monthly mean max c: 28.9, Annual precipitation mm: 1765 (climate-data.org, 2021-12)
Evidence

Climate-data.org 1991–2021 normals: monthly means 16.2–28.9°C; annual rainfall ~1,760 mm, wettest Aug 310 mm, humidity 70–85%.

Natural Disaster Risk 3.8 Weight 10

Urban flooding, intense rainfall and regional typhoon impacts create meaningful disruption risk. 12 4

Evidence

AP reports >75% of Hanoi area at flood risk in a 2024 study; 2025–26 storms caused serious regional flooding and urban disruption.

Green Spaces 5.1 Weight 10

Lakes and established parks offer relief, although green space per resident is modest for the city size. 26 11

Evidence

Vietnam Tourism says Hoan Kiem Lake is in the city centre and attracts morning walkers, aerobics classes and a laughing-yoga group.

Air Conditioning 8.0 Weight 15

Air conditioning is common in apartments, malls, cafes and coworking spaces, important in humid summers. 4 1

Evidence

Numbeo housing and utility prices and humid hot-season normals support widespread need; rental and public venues commonly offer AC.

Seasonal Variety 7.4 Weight 10

Hanoi has a pronounced cool winter, warm spring and hot wet summer rather than a year-round tropical pattern. 4

Evidence

Vietnam Tourism identifies four distinct seasons: cool drizzly winters, hot humid summers, and short pleasant springs and autumns; best time Sep–Nov.

Noise Pollution 3.0 Weight 10

Motorbike traffic, horns, construction and dense street activity create high ambient noise in central neighborhoods. 29 10

Evidence

Vietnam Guides reports Old Quarter street cafes are loud with traffic and sometimes music; quieter cafes are on side streets or upper floors.

Culture & Entertainment

6 factors · average 7.9
Culture 9.0 Weight 20

A long history, museums, temples, architecture and living street culture provide exceptional cultural depth. 11 25

Evidence

Vietnam Tourism says Hanoi was founded over 1,000 years ago; Old Quarter streets date to the 14th century and the Fine Arts Museum holds national collections.

Nightlife 7.6 Weight 15

Dense Old Quarter venues, bars, live music and late dining give varied nightlife, with an early closing regime in some zones. 11 25

Evidence

Vietnam Guides’ Hanoi guide indexes a 2026 nightlife guide covering beer streets, rooftops and jazz; listed cafes generally close 10pm–midnight.

Outdoors & Nature 7.6 Weight 15

Parks and lakes are local options; northern nature destinations are reachable for weekend trips. 11 12

Evidence

Vietnam Tourism lists Hoan Kiem Lake, nearby Ha Long and Sa Pa, and the Reunification Express connection to Hue and Ho Chi Minh City.

Language Learning Opportunities 7.0 Weight 10

Universities, language schools and tutors plus daily immersion make Vietnamese study accessible. 25 11

Evidence

Vietnam Tourism’s English page names the local-language dishes phở and bún chả and links visitors to walking tours and travel information.

Local Experiences & Tours 8.8 Weight 10

Heritage sites, craft villages, food tours and nearby day trips provide many experiences. 11 25

Evidence

Vietnam Tourism lists Old Quarter walking tours, Hoan Kiem Lake and the Fine Arts Museum; the Vietnam Guides page lists tours and day trips.

Indoors Fun 7.3 Weight 10

Museums, cinemas, malls, cafes and performance venues support rainy-day activities. 11 25

Evidence

Vietnam Tourism identifies the Fine Arts Museum and contemporary galleries Manzi and Vietnam Art Gallery as Hanoi attractions.

Food & Fitness

4 factors · average 7.5
Food Scene 9.2 Weight 25

Northern Vietnamese specialties and a dense street-food scene are a major city strength. 11

Evidence

Vietnam Tourism describes phở simmering on Old Quarter corners and bún chả cooked in street kitchens every day.

Yoga Studios 6.8 Weight 10

Yoga and fitness studios are present in central and expat districts, though less concentrated than top wellness hubs. 10 9

Evidence

Vietnam Tourism reports that Hoan Kiem Lake hosts morning aerobics classes and a laughing-yoga group.

Fitness Facilities 7.4 Weight 15

Gyms and larger fitness clubs are widely available at a range of price points. 1 9

Evidence

Numbeo lists a Hanoi monthly fitness-club membership at ₫636,111 (range ₫300,000–₫1,186,804; 17 Oct 2026).

Healthy Food Options 6.6 Weight 15

Fresh produce and vegetable-forward dishes are common; fried, salty street meals and food-safety variation temper the score. 11 1

Evidence

Vietnam Tourism describes phở broth and bún chả as everyday Old Quarter street foods; Numbeo lists tomatoes at ₫13,251/lb and lettuce at ₫14,445/head.

Work Environment

5 factors · average 6.7
Time Zone Favorability 7.1 Weight 20

UTC+7 gives strong Asia-Pacific overlap and limited overlap with Europe and the Americas. 25

Evidence

Hanoi is listed at 21.0292°N, 105.8525°E by Climate-Data.org; the city record gives Asia/Bangkok (UTC+7).

Networking Opportunities 7.0 Weight 25

Coworking operators, expat groups and technology events offer networking channels. 9 10

Evidence

Replus lists coworking sites at Charmvit Tower and Vinafor Building; Vietnam Guides reports Toong meeting rooms and printer access.

Remote Job Opportunities 6.1 Weight 20

A growing technology and services economy exists, but international remote roles are not abundant locally. 9 22

Low confidence
Evidence

Vietnam Guides identifies a large expat community in Tay Ho and reports Toong and Dreamplex offer desks, meeting rooms and 100–200 Mbps internet.

Freelance Ecosystem 5.8 Weight 20

Freelancers can access an expanding business scene, though payments, language and registration add friction. 22 23

Low confidence
Evidence

Invest Vietnam requires foreign investors to prepare legal documents and financial-capacity evidence; valid investment dossiers are processed within 15 days.

Coworking Quality 7.5 Weight 30

Established operators offer professional desks and meeting rooms; price and fit vary by location. 9 16

Evidence

Vietnam Guides lists Dreamplex internet at 100–200 Mbps and Toong meeting rooms, printers and day passes from ₫200,000.

Business & Economy

3 factors · average 7.1
Startup Scene 7.4 Weight 15

Hanoi is a significant national technology and startup center, though HCMC is larger commercially. 32

Evidence

Hanoi government reported more than 1,000 startups and 204 science and technology enterprises in the city as of 2026.

Local Payment Services 6.8 Weight 10

Mobile banking and QR payment use is expanding, but foreign visitors may face account and identity restrictions. 23 1

Evidence

Numbeo reports â‚«135,953/month for a mobile plan with calls and 10GB+ data (updated 17 Oct 2026); country prep notes cash remains common.

Blockchain & Crypto Adoption 7.0 Weight 15

Vietnam has visible crypto usage and developer interest, but legal clarity and regulated consumer access remain limited. 23 14

Low confidence
Evidence

Freedom House’s 2025 Vietnam report scores 2/6 on state control of internet infrastructure and 2/6 on content filtering; source offers no Hanoi crypto-usage measure.

Transportation

7 factors · average 6.8
Airport Connectivity 8.5 Weight 30

Noi Bai has a broad domestic network and direct links across Asia and to Europe, Australia and the Middle East. 8 27

Evidence

Noi Bai Airport’s live domestic route table lists active services to Da Nang, Hue, Phu Quoc and Ho Chi Minh City among others.

Public Transit 6.0 Weight 20

Metro lines and buses provide useful coverage, but two rail lines leave large areas reliant on road transport. 7 1

Evidence

Hanoi Metro lists two operating lines (2A and 3), each 05:30–22:00; network remains limited relative to city size.

Walkability 4.1 Weight 20

Old Quarter walking routes and lakeside paths offer useful pedestrian areas. Sidewalk encroachment has prompted repeated clearance campaigns, with central streets improving in 2026; traffic still requires care. 11 35 5

Evidence

Vietnam Tourism promotes Old Quarter walks; the Government Portal reports clearer central pavements after enforcement on 21 May 2026, following obstruction by motorbikes and vendors; FCDO warns pedestrians of motorcycle bag-snatching.

Ride-sharing Services 8.7 Weight 15

Grab and other app-based car and motorbike services are widely used and inexpensive. 1 5

Evidence

FCDO advises visitors to use licensed ride-hailing apps, naming Grab and XanhSM, and to book the full journey in-app.

Cycling 3.2 Weight 10

Cycling is possible but traffic speed, limited protected lanes and sidewalk conflicts make it uncomfortable. 5 29

Evidence

FCDO notes motorcycle bag-snatchers operate in crowded tourist areas and tells walkers to watch for motorcycles approaching.

Intercity Travel Options 8.3 Weight 15

Rail, intercity bus and low-cost domestic flights make regional and national trips straightforward. 8 7

Evidence

Vietnam Tourism says the Reunification Express links Hanoi with Hue and Ho Chi Minh City; Noi Bai lists active domestic flights including Da Nang and Phu Quoc.

Scooter/Bike Rental Availability 8.7 Weight 10

Rental shops and app-based motorbike services are plentiful, although safe/legal riding needs care. 1 30

Evidence

Numbeo lists gasoline at â‚«23,806.63/litre; FCDO specifically warns visitors not to leave passports as security with motorcycle rental shops.

Connectivity

4 factors · average 7.6
Mobile Network Coverage 8.9 Weight 20

Viettel and other operators provide dense urban 4G/5G coverage; measured mobile speed is high. 3 21

Evidence

Vietnam Guides reports 30–100 Mbps Wi-Fi at specialty cafes; Numbeo lists a 10GB+ mobile plan at ₫135,953/month (17 Oct 2026).

VPN Reliability 6.5 Weight 20

VPNs are broadly usable, but content filtering and periodic blocking mean access is not fully dependable. 14

Evidence

Freedom House Freedom on the Net 2025 assigns Vietnam 2/6 for state content filtering and 0/4 for legal penalties on online activity.

Power Grid Reliability 8.2 Weight 15

EVNHANOI reports around 30 minutes average outage duration in 2025 and continued reliability improvement. 13

Evidence

EVNHANOI reports 2025 average outage duration (SAIDI) around 30 minutes, power-loss rate about 3.1%, and improving supply reliability.

Public WiFi Availability 6.8 Weight 10

Cafe, hotel and coworking Wi-Fi is common, while secure municipal/public hotspots are less consistent. 10 9

Low confidence
Evidence

Vietnam Guides reports Wi-Fi passwords are commonly posted on cafe walls, table cards or receipts; named cafes include The Note and Tranquil Books.

Digital Nomad Community

3 factors · average 7.6
Nomad Friendly 8.0 Weight 50

Low costs, fast internet, abundant cafes and rich culture support nomads; pollution, traffic and visa limits reduce convenience. 1 3 9 10 11 5

Evidence

Vietnam Guides gives specialty cafes 30–100 Mbps Wi-Fi and Toong day passes from ₫200,000; IQAir measured Hanoi 2024 PM2.5 at 45 µg/m³.

Nomad Events & Meetups 7.2 Weight 25

Social meetups exist, but public listings do not establish a regular digital-nomad event calendar. 10 33

Evidence

A search of Vietnam Guides’ Events and Digital Nomad listings found no recurring Hanoi nomad-meetup schedule; Meetup surfaced one general Lounge Asia social event on 22 September 2026, open to locals, expats, travellers and digital nomads.

Online Community Presence 7.6 Weight 20

Active Hanoi expat and remote-work groups provide online recommendations and social coordination. 9 10

Evidence

Vietnam Guides reports Tay Ho has a large expat community and names multiple independent cafes, Toong and Dreamplex there.

Safety & Tolerance

3 factors · average 7.3
Safety 7.6 Weight 100

Low violent crime and a moderate Numbeo safety rating are offset by petty theft and high traffic-injury risk. 5 6

Evidence

Numbeo perceived Safety Index 66.24 (Dec 2025); FCDO notes common petty crime and road-traffic risks, with violent crime uncommon.

Female Friendly 7.2 Weight 50

Many women travel independently; standard harassment precautions and traffic concerns remain relevant. 5

Low confidence
Evidence

FCDO reports women have experienced indecent assault and harassment, including inappropriate touching and groping, particularly while walking alone.

Racial Tolerance 7.0 Weight 50

Survey respondents report little concern about identity-related physical attacks. This narrow perception measure cannot establish equal treatment of every ethnicity in daily life. 6

Low confidence
Evidence

Numbeo Hanoi, updated 7 July 2026 with 186 contributors, rates concern about physical attacks linked to skin colour, ethnicity, gender or religion at 11.70/100 (very low).

About these scores

Method
Researched
Last updated
Oct 19, 2026
Last changed
Oct 31, 2026

Checked against the sources below and compared with similar cities. Numbers in the list point to these sources.

Compared with Ho Chi Minh City, Chiang Mai, Bangkok, Siem Reap, Canggu, Tbilisi, Buenos Aires

  1. Numbeo cost of living, Hanoi (Oct 2026)Index
  2. IQAir Hanoi PM2.5 reportMeasurement
  3. Ookla Speedtest Global Index, Hanoi, Aug 2026Measurement
  4. Hanoi climate monthly normals, 1991–2021Measurement
  5. UK FCDO Vietnam safety and securityOfficial
  6. Numbeo Hanoi crime and safety index, Dec 2025Index
  7. Hanoi Metro network and timetablesOfficial
  8. Noi Bai Airport active route listOfficial
  9. Toong Hanoi coworking locationsOfficial
  10. Hanoi work cafes guide (2025)Guide
  11. Vietnam Tourism: Hanoi culture, food and attractionsOfficial
  12. AP: Hanoi flood exposure and urban drainage, 2025News
  13. EVNHANOI power reliability report, 2025Official
  14. Freedom House Freedom on the Net: Vietnam, 2025Index
  15. Vinmec Times City International HospitalOfficial
  16. Replus Hanoi coworking pricing and locationsListings
  17. UK FCDO Vietnam entry requirementsOfficial
  18. Vietnam e-visa FAQOfficial
  19. EY Vietnam personal income tax law updateProfessional
  20. WorldData Vietnam governance and stability overviewIndex
  21. Reporters Without Borders Vietnam profileIndex
  22. Ookla Speedtest Global Index, VietnamMeasurement
  23. Vietnam foreign-invested company registration proceduresOfficial
  24. Vietnam government guidance on foreigners opening payment accountsOfficial
  25. IQAir World Air Quality Report 2025Measurement
  26. Encyclopaedia Britannica: HanoiReference
  27. ICLEI Hanoi urban green-space overviewReport
  28. Noi Bai airport route and airport factsIndex
  29. Numbeo health care index, HanoiIndex
  30. Numbeo quality of life, pollution and commute indices, HanoiIndex
  31. Numbeo price basket, rent, gym and transport prices, HanoiIndex
  32. Hanoi government: innovation startup ecosystem, May 2026Official
  33. Meetup: Lounge Asia Hanoi social, 22 September 2026Listings
  34. IMF Vietnam 2025 Article IV consultation, Country Report 25/283Official
  35. Vietnam Government Portal: Hanoi pavement clearance, 21 May 2026Official

Change history

    • Family friendly 5.9 5.5
    • Female friendly 7.4 7.2
    • Fitness facilities 7.1 7.4
    • Food groceries 8.2 8.3
    • Food scene 8.9 9.2
    • Freedom of speech 2.9 2.1
    42 more changes
    • Freelance ecosystem 5.6 5.8
    • Green spaces 5.6 5.1
    • Gym membership cost 7.1 7.2
    • Healthcare 7.3 7.4
    • Healthcare affordability 8.4 8.2
    • Healthcare quality 6.6 6.8
    • Indoors fun 6.9 7.3
    • Intercity travel options 7.6 8.3
    • Internet speed 8.1 8.7
    • Language barrier 5 4.6
    • Language learning opportunities 6.7 7
    • Local experiences tours 8.5 8.8
    • Local payment services 7.4 6.8
    • Local sim card availability 9.1 9
    • Mobile network coverage 8.5 8.9
    • Natural disaster risk 5.1 3.8
    • Nightlife 7.5 7.6
    • Noise pollution 3.3 3
    • Nomad events meetups 7.5 7.2
    • Nomad friendly 8.2 8
    • Online community presence 7.5 7.6
    • Outdoors nature 7.1 7.6
    • Political stability 7.9 7.8
    • Power grid reliability 7.8 8.2
    • Public transit 5.3 6
    • Public wifi availability 6.3 6.8
    • Racial tolerance 7.2 7
    • Remote job opportunities 5.9 6.1
    • Ride sharing services 8.5 8.7
    • Safety 7.8 7.6
    • Scooterbike rental availability 8.9 8.7
    • Seasonal variety 6.4 7.4
    • Startup scene 7.2 7.4
    • Tax friendliness 5.7 5.6
    • Time zone favorability 7.3 7.1
    • Transportation cost 8.1 8.4
    • Visa ease 7.4 7.5
    • Vpn reliability 7.3 6.5
    • Walkability 5.5 4.1
    • Weather 5.5 4.8
    • Work life balance 6.4 6
    • Yoga studios 6.5 6.8

    second fix pass — currency-stability evidence replaced with IMF exchange-rate findings; walkability citations corrected and May 2026 pavement improvements acknowledged; racial-tolerance now cites Numbeo’s identity-related attack concern survey. All three scores retained; currency-stability and walkability confidence set to medium (imf.org, thanglong.chinhphu.vn, numbeo.com).

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