Citizenship Programs — Paths to a Second Passport Worldwide

All pathways to acquiring citizenship in another country — from investment-based programs (golden passports) to citizenship by descent, naturalization, and fast-track programs. Compare requirements, timelines, and passport strength. See also residency programs and digital nomad visas.

All programs (90)

Citizenship programs
Program	Type	Timeline	Min cost	Dual OK	Visa-free	Status
US USA Citizenship by Marriage United States	Marriage	3 years	$710	Yes	180	Active
BR Brazil Citizenship by Marriage Brazil	Marriage	1 years	$0	Yes	168	Active
BR Brazil Fast-Track for Portuguese Speakers Brazil	Naturalization	1 years	$0	Yes	168	Active
BR Brazilian Citizenship by Descent Brazil	Descent	—	$0	Yes	170	Active
BR Brazil Standard Naturalization Brazil	Naturalization	4 years	$0	Yes	168	Active
AR Argentina Standard Naturalization Argentina	Naturalization	2 years	$100	Yes	169	Active
MX Mexico Latin American & Iberian Naturalization Mexico	Naturalization	2 years	$528	Yes	157	Active
MX Mexico Standard Naturalization Mexico	Naturalization	5 years	$528	Yes	157	Active
PE Peru Citizenship by Descent Peru	Descent	—	$0	Yes	142	Active
PE Peru Citizenship by Marriage Peru	Marriage	2 years	$59	Yes	142	Active
PE Peru Standard Naturalization Peru	Naturalization	2 years	$87	Yes	142	Active
CO Colombia Naturalization — Colombian Spouse Route Colombia	Marriage	2 years	$200	Yes	130	Active
CO Colombia Standard Naturalization Colombia	Naturalization	5 years	$200	Yes	130	Active
EG Egypt CBI — Direct Contribution Egypt	Investment	180-365 days	$250,000	Yes	19	Active
TR Turkey CBI — Bank Deposit Turkey	Investment	—	$500,000	Yes	112	Active
TR Turkey CBI — Fixed Capital Investment Turkey	Investment	—	$500,000	Yes	112	Active
TR Turkey CBI — Fund Shares Turkey	Investment	—	$500,000	Yes	112	Active
TR Turkey CBI — Government Bonds Turkey	Investment	—	$500,000	Yes	112	Active
TR Turkey CBI — Job Creation Turkey	Investment	—	—	Yes	112	Active
TR Turkey CBI — Private Pension Turkey	Investment	—	$500,000	Yes	112	Active
TR Turkey CBI — Real Estate Turkey	Investment	—	$400,000	Yes	112	Active
CL Chile Qualified Naturalization Chile	Naturalization	2 years	—	Yes	175	Active
CL Chile Standard Naturalization Chile	Naturalization	5 years	$41	Yes	175	Active
FR France Citizenship by Marriage France	Marriage	4 years	$285	Yes	186	Active
ES Spain Citizenship by Marriage Spain	Marriage	1 years	$110	No	186	Active
ES Spanish Citizenship by Descent and Option Spain	Descent	365-730 days	—	No	186	Active
ES Spanish Citizenship by Residence (Naturalization)Spain	Naturalization	10 years	$110	No	186	Active
PY Paraguay Standard Naturalization Paraguay	Naturalization	3 years	$8	Yes	145	Active
DE German Citizenship by Declaration under Section 5 StAG Germany	Restoration	—	$0	Yes	185	Active
DE German Citizenship by Descent Germany	Descent	180-730 days	$25	Yes	185	Active
DE German Citizenship Restoration (Nazi Persecution Descendants)Germany	Restoration	180-730 days	$0	Yes	185	Active
DE German Citizenship Restoration under Section 15 StAG Germany	Restoration	—	$0	Yes	185	Active
DE Germany Citizenship by Marriage Germany	Marriage	3 years	$275	Yes	185	Active
PL Polish Citizenship by Descent (Confirmation)Poland	Descent	180- days	$118	Yes	184	Active
IT Italian Citizenship by Descent (Jure Sanguinis)Italy	Descent	365-1095 days	$648	Yes	185	Active
IT Italy Citizenship by Marriage Italy	Marriage	2 years	$270	Yes	185	Active
EC Ecuador Naturalization by Marriage or De Facto Union Ecuador	Marriage	2 years	$50	Yes	93	Active
EC Ecuador Naturalization for Recognized Refugees and Stateless Persons Ecuador	Naturalization	2 years	—	Yes	93	Active
EC Ecuador Naturalization for Relevant Services Ecuador	Merit	3 years	—	Yes	93	Active
EC Ecuador Standard Naturalization Ecuador	Naturalization	3 years	$50	Yes	93	Active
GB British Citizenship by Descent United Kingdom	Descent	180-365 days	—	Yes	184	Active
GB UK Citizenship by Marriage United Kingdom	Marriage	3 years	$2,434	Yes	184	Active
RO Romanian Citizenship by Descent Romania	Descent	—	$20	Yes	178	Active
KH Cambodia CBI — National Budget Donation Cambodia	Investment	6 months	$2,954,210	Yes	50	Active
KH Cambodia CBI — Priority Sector Investment Cambodia	Investment	1 years	$984,737	Yes	50	Active
UY Uruguay Citizenship by Descent Uruguay	Descent	—	$0	Yes	—	Active
UY Uruguay Standard Naturalization Uruguay	Naturalization	5 years	$0	Yes	156	Active
GR Greek Citizenship by Descent Greece	Descent	—	—	Yes	185	Active
GR Greek Citizenship for Ethnic Greeks (Omogeneia)Greece	Ethnic return	540-540 days	$145	Yes	185	Active
BG Bulgarian Citizenship by Origin (Descent)Bulgaria	Descent	—	$172	Yes	178	Active
HU Hungarian Ordinary Naturalization Hungary	Naturalization	8 years	—	Yes	184	Active
HU Hungarian Simplified Naturalization (Ethnic Hungarians)Hungary	Ethnic return	—	$0	Yes	184	Active
HU Hungarian Simplified Naturalization (Spouse)Hungary	Marriage	—	$0	Yes	184	Active
PT Portuguese Citizenship by Descent Portugal	Descent	365-730 days	$189	Yes	184	Active
PT Portuguese Citizenship for Great-Grandchildren by Naturalization Portugal	Naturalization	5 years	—	Yes	—	Active
JO Jordan CBI — Investment Program Jordan	Investment	—	$493,653	Yes	55	Active
AT Austria Citizenship by Exceptional Merit Austria	Merit	—	—	Yes	185	Active
AE UAE Citizenship by Nomination United Arab Emirates	Merit	—	—	Yes	188	Active
PA Panama Standard Naturalization Panama	Naturalization	5 years	—	No	149	Active
IE Irish Citizenship by Foreign Birth Registration Ireland	Descent	365-365 days	$312	Yes	116	Active
LT Lithuanian Citizenship Restoration (Pre-1940 Descendants)Lithuania	Restoration	—	$178	Yes	181	Active
LV Latvian Citizenship by Descent (Exile Descendants)Latvia	Descent	—	—	Yes	183	Active
HR Croatian Citizenship by Descent (Emigrant)Croatia	Descent	548-730 days	—	Yes	183	Active
DO Dominican Republic Naturalization by Marriage Dominican Republic	Marriage	6 months	—	Yes	71	Active
DO Dominican Republic Standard Naturalization Dominican Republic	Naturalization	2 years	—	Yes	71	Active
AM Armenian Citizenship for Ethnic Armenians Armenia	Ethnic return	90-90 days	$130	Yes	64	Active
IL Israeli Citizenship by Law of Return (Aliyah)Israel	Ethnic return	90-180 days	—	Yes	166	Active
SV El Salvador CBI — Freedom Visa El Salvador	Investment	30-60 days	$1,000,000	Yes	135	Active
VU Vanuatu CBI — Capital Investment Immigration Plan Vanuatu	Investment	—	$50,000	Yes	46	Active
VU Vanuatu CBI — Development Support Program Vanuatu	Investment	—	$130,000	Yes	46	Active
VU Vanuatu CBI — Real Estate Option Program Vanuatu	Investment	—	—	Yes	46	Active
VU Vanuatu CBI — Vanuatu Contribution Program Vanuatu	Investment	—	$130,000	Yes	46	Active
DM Dominica CBI — Economic Diversification Fund Dominica	Investment	90-180 days	$200,000	Yes	145	Active
DM Dominica CBI — Real Estate Dominica	Investment	90-180 days	$200,000	Yes	145	Active
LC Saint Lucia CBI — Enterprise Investment Saint Lucia	Investment	90-180 days	$250,000	Yes	146	Active
LC Saint Lucia CBI — Government Bonds Saint Lucia	Investment	90-180 days	$300,000	Yes	146	Active
LC Saint Lucia CBI — National Economic Fund Saint Lucia	Investment	90-180 days	$240,000	Yes	146	Active
LC Saint Lucia CBI — Real Estate Saint Lucia	Investment	90-180 days	$300,000	Yes	146	Active
AG Antigua & Barbuda CBI — Business Investment Antigua and Barbuda	Investment	90-180 days	$1,500,000	Yes	154	Active
AG Antigua & Barbuda CBI — National Development Fund Antigua and Barbuda	Investment	90-180 days	$230,000	Yes	154	Active
AG Antigua & Barbuda CBI — Real Estate Antigua and Barbuda	Investment	90-180 days	$300,000	Yes	154	Active
AG Antigua & Barbuda CBI — University of the West Indies Fund Antigua and Barbuda	Investment	90-180 days	$260,000	Yes	154	Active
GD Grenada CBI — National Transformation Fund Grenada	Investment	—	$235,000	Yes	147	Active
GD Grenada CBI — Real Estate Grenada	Investment	—	$270,000	Yes	147	Active
GD Grenada CBI — Significant Investment Grenada	Investment	—	$1,500	Yes	147	Active
MT Malta Citizenship by Naturalisation on the Basis of Merit Malta	Merit	8 months	—	Yes	185	Active
KN St Kitts & Nevis CBI — Public Benefit Option Saint Kitts and Nevis	Investment	120-180 days	$250,000	Yes	157	Active
KN St Kitts & Nevis CBI — Real Estate Saint Kitts and Nevis	Investment	120-180 days	$325,000	Yes	157	Active
KN St Kitts & Nevis CBI — SISC Donation Saint Kitts and Nevis	Investment	120-180 days	$250,000	Yes	157	Active
NR Naoero CBI — Economic & Climate Resilience Program Nauru	Investment	90-120 days	$90,000	Yes	86	Active

IN Delhi India	89
AR Buenos Aires Argentina	88
IN Mumbai India	86
ZA Cape Town South Africa	85

AL Albania Unique Permit for Digital Mobile Workers	$610/mo
EC Ecuador Digital Nomad Visa (Visa Nómada)	$1,446/mo
ME Montenegro Digital Nomad Residence Permit	$1,460/mo
MU Mauritius Premium Visa	$1,500/mo

GE Georgia Small Business Status (1% Tax)	1%
JE Jersey High Value Resident (HVR)	1%
UZ Uzbekistan IT Park Resident Status	1%
SO Somalia Presumptive Tax Regime (PTR)	1.5%

TH Chiang Mai Thailand	$1,348/mo
VN Da Nang Vietnam	$1,161/mo
RO Timișoara Romania	$1,122/mo
TW Tainan Taiwan	$1,462/mo